IP (Internet Protocols) Address
is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network.
The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
Class A - supports 16 million hosts on each of 126 networks
Class B - supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks
Class C - supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
Subnet
A portion of a network that shares a common address component.
Subnet Mask
is a mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to.
NIC (Network Interface Card)
is an expansion board you insert into a computer so the computer can be connected to a network.
Wednesday, April 26, 2017
Monday, April 24, 2017
Computer Network
Differences between MAC and IP address.
IP address - is the address assigned to your mobile,printer or computer by the network that uses Internet protocol for communication . IP can change with the change in network.MAC(Media Access Control) address - is your machine address. MAC address cannot be changed (Fixed address). The device will have communication with the local area network or any network using this address .
An IP Address header Sections:
Version—A 4-bit field that identifies the IP version being used. The current version is 4, and this version is referred to as IPv4.
Length—A 4-bit field containing the length of the IP header in 32-bit increments. The minimum length of an IP header is 20 bytes, or five 32-bit increments. The maximum length of an IP header is 24 bytes, or six 32-bit increments. Therefore, the header length field should contain either 5 or 6.
Type of Service (ToS)—The 8-bit ToS uses 3 bits for IP Precedence, 4 bits for ToS with the last bit not being used. The 4-bit ToS field, although defined, has never been used.
IP Precedence— A 3-bit field used to identify the level of service a packet receives in the network.
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)—A 6-bit field used to identify the level of service a packet receives in the network. DSCP is a 3-bit expansion of IP precedence with the elimination of the ToS bits.
Total Length—Specifies the length of the IP packet that includes the IP header and the user data. The length field is 2 bytes, so the maximum size of an IP packet is 216 – 1 or 65,535 bytes.
Identifier, Flags, and Fragment Offset—As an IP packet moves through the Internet, it might need to cross a route that cannot handle the size of the packet. The packet will be divided, or fragmented, into smaller packets and reassembled later. These fields are used to fragment and reassemble packets.
Time to Live (TTL)—It is possible for an IP packet to roam aimlessly around the Internet. If there is a routing problem or a routing loop, then you don't want packets to be forwarded forever. A routing loop is when a packet is continually routed through the same routers over and over. The TTL field is initially set to a number and decremented by every router that is passed through. When TTL reaches 0 the packet is discarded.
Protocol—In the layered protocol model, the layer that determines which application the data is from or which application the data is for is indicated using the Protocol field. This field does not identify the application, but identifies a protocol that sits above the IP layer that is used for application identification.
Header Checksum—A value calculated based on the contents of the IP header. Used to determine if any errors have been introduced during transmission.
Source IP Address—32-bit IP address of the sender.
Destination IP Address—32-bit IP address of the intended recipient.
Options and Padding—A field that varies in length from 0 to a multiple of 32-bits. If the option values are not a multiple of 32-bits, 0s are added or padded to ensure this field contains a multiple of 32 bits.
IP Address Classes
| Class | Address Range | Supports |
|---|---|---|
| Class A | 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 | Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks. |
| Class B | 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 | Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks. |
| Class C | 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 | Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks. |
| Class D | 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 | Reserved for multicast groups. |
| Class E | 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 | Reserved for future use, or Research and Development Purposes. |
IPv4 public address and IPv6 private address
IP version 4 public address (IPV4)
is a public IP address is the address that is assigned to a computing device to allow direct access over the Internet.
IP version 6 private address (IPV6)
is a private IP address is the address space allocated by InterNIC to allow organizations to create their own private network.
Difference IPV4 and IPV6
IPv4 used to to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. it is also designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networksIPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted.
Difference TCP and UDP
Subnet and Subnet Addressing
A subnet (short for "subnetwork") is an identifiably separate part of an organization's network. Typically, a subnet may represent all the machines at one geographic location, in one building, or on the same local area network (LAN).Subnet addressing allows us to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead.
VLSM
A Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a numerical masking sequence, or IP address subset, based on overall network requirements. A VLSM allows a network administrator to use long masks for networks with few hosts and short masks for networks with multiple hosts. A VLSM is used with a VLSM router and must have routing protocol support.
Reference:
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is subnet (subnetwork)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/subnet [Accessed 20 Apr. 2017].
Parkhurst, W. (2017). IP Header Format > Internet Addressing and Routing First Step. [online] Ciscopress.com. Available at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=348253&seqNum=4 [Accessed 20 Apr. 2017].
Sunday, April 16, 2017
Computer Network Topic 2 Lecture 2
OSI Model Protocols:
Application Layer
-DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
is a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network.
-FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections.
-SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
is the standard protocol for sending emails across the Internet.
-POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client.
-IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
is a mail protocol used for accessing email on a remote web server from a local client.
-HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
Presentation Layer
-AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol)
is a Mac OS file protocol that allows users to access outside system files.
-SMB (Server Message Block)
is a message format used by DOS and Windows to share files, directories and devices.
-NCP (NetWare Core Protocol)
is the file-sharing protocol between server and client(s) on a Novell NetWare network.
-SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
is a computer networking protocol for securing connections between network application clients and servers over an insecure network, such as the internet.
-MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
is a specification for formatting non-ASCII messages so that they can be sent over the Internet.
Transport Layer
-TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application programs can exchange data.
-UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
is a transport layer protocol defined for use with the IP network layer protocol.
-NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
is a new, extended version of NetBIOS, the program that lets computers communicate within a local area network.
-SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange)
is the protocol for handling packet sequencing in a Novell NetWare network.
-ATP (Autonomous Transport Protocol)
is to maintain a reliable transport connection between two endpoints, identified by content identifiers, independent of their physical locations
Network Layer
-IP (Internet Protocol)
is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.
-OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
is a router protocol used to find the best path for packets as they pass through a set of connected networks.
-BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
is a routing protocol used to transfer data and information between different host gateways, the Internet or autonomous systems.
-NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
is a new, extended version of NetBIOS, the program that lets computers communicate within a local area network.
-DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol),
is an AppleTalk protocol that helps ensure that packets are sent in the proper order and that they are received.
Data Link Layer
-Ethernet
is a link layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack, describing how networked devices can format data for transmission to other network devices on the same network segment, and how to put that data out on the network connection.
-Token ring
is a local area network (LAN) in which all computers are connected in a ring or star topology and pass one or more logical tokens from host to host.
-FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
is a set of ANSI and ISO standards for data transmission on fiber optic lines in a local area network (LAN) that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles).
-IEEE 802.11(wlan,wifi) (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
is the set of technical guidelines for implementing Wi-Fi.
-ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)
is a dedicated-connection switching technology that organizes digital data into 53-byte cell units and transmits them over a physical medium using digital signal technology.
-PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
is a family of computer networking protocols that provide a standard way to transport multiprotocol data over point-to-point links.
-HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)
is a group of protocols or rules for transmitting data between network points (sometimes called nodes).
Reference:
Application Layer
-DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
is a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network.
-FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections.
-SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
is the standard protocol for sending emails across the Internet.
-POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client.
-IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
is a mail protocol used for accessing email on a remote web server from a local client.
-HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
Presentation Layer
-AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol)
is a Mac OS file protocol that allows users to access outside system files.
-SMB (Server Message Block)
is a message format used by DOS and Windows to share files, directories and devices.
-NCP (NetWare Core Protocol)
is the file-sharing protocol between server and client(s) on a Novell NetWare network.
-SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
is a computer networking protocol for securing connections between network application clients and servers over an insecure network, such as the internet.
-MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
is a specification for formatting non-ASCII messages so that they can be sent over the Internet.
Transport Layer
-TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application programs can exchange data.
-UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
is a transport layer protocol defined for use with the IP network layer protocol.
-NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
is a new, extended version of NetBIOS, the program that lets computers communicate within a local area network.
-SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange)
is the protocol for handling packet sequencing in a Novell NetWare network.
-ATP (Autonomous Transport Protocol)
is to maintain a reliable transport connection between two endpoints, identified by content identifiers, independent of their physical locations
Network Layer
-IP (Internet Protocol)
is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.
-OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
is a router protocol used to find the best path for packets as they pass through a set of connected networks.
-BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
is a routing protocol used to transfer data and information between different host gateways, the Internet or autonomous systems.
-NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
is a new, extended version of NetBIOS, the program that lets computers communicate within a local area network.
-DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol),
is an AppleTalk protocol that helps ensure that packets are sent in the proper order and that they are received.
Data Link Layer
-Ethernet
is a link layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack, describing how networked devices can format data for transmission to other network devices on the same network segment, and how to put that data out on the network connection.
-Token ring
is a local area network (LAN) in which all computers are connected in a ring or star topology and pass one or more logical tokens from host to host.
-FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
is a set of ANSI and ISO standards for data transmission on fiber optic lines in a local area network (LAN) that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles).
-IEEE 802.11(wlan,wifi) (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
is the set of technical guidelines for implementing Wi-Fi.
-ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)
is a dedicated-connection switching technology that organizes digital data into 53-byte cell units and transmits them over a physical medium using digital signal technology.
-PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
is a family of computer networking protocols that provide a standard way to transport multiprotocol data over point-to-point links.
-HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)
is a group of protocols or rules for transmitting data between network points (sometimes called nodes).
Reference:
Webopedia.com. (2017). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)? Webopedia Definition. [online] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DHCP.html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2017). What is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/File-Transfer-Protocol [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Swestcom.com. (2017). What is POP3, IMAP, SMPT, MAPI, HTTPS RPC?. [online] Available at: http://www.swestcom.com/support/q4.htm [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchWinDevelopment. (2017). What is HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/HTTP [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Techopedia.com. (2017). What is AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25674/appletalk-filing-protocol-afp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Webopedia.com. (2017). What is Server Message Block (SMB)? Webopedia Definition. [online] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SMB.html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Webopedia.com. (2017). What is NCP? Webopedia Definition. [online] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/NCP.html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchSecurity. (2017). What is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/Secure-Sockets-Layer-SSL [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Webopedia.com. (2017). What is MIME? Webopedia Definition. [online] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/MIME.html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Webopedia.com. (2017). What is NetBEUI? Webopedia Definition. [online] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/Netbeui.html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchWindowsServer. (2017). What is NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/NetBEUI-NetBIOS-Extended-User-Interface [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Webopedia.com. (2017). What is SPX? Webopedia Definition. [online] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SPX.html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchUnifiedCommunications. (2017). What is Internet Protocol? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocol [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Computerhope.com. (2017). What is DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol)?. [online] Available at: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/ddp.htm [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2017). What is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/OSPF [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Techopedia.com. (2017). What is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6193/border-gateway-protocol-bgp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is token ring? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Token-Ring [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/FDDI [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Techopedia.com. (2017). What is IEEE 802.11? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24967/ieee-80211 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/ATM [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PPP [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
SearchNetworking. (2017). What is HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/HDLC [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Cs.umd.edu. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.cs.umd.edu/~telsayed/publications/atp/atp_mw003.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].
Tuesday, April 11, 2017
Computer Network Topic 2: IEEE 802 & RS232/RS422
IEEE 802 (Institute of electrical & electronic engineers 802) - comprises a family of networking standards that cover the physical layer specifications of technologies from Ethernet to wireless.
Working Groups:
RS232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data.RS-232 devices are still used, especially in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments.
RS422 (EIA RS-422-A Standard) is the serial connection historically used on Apple Macintosh computers.
Reference
Working Groups:
| Name | Description | Note |
|---|---|---|
| IEEE 802.1 | Higher Layer LAN Protocols (Bridging) | active |
| IEEE 802.2 | LLC | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.3 | Ethernet | active |
| IEEE 802.4 | Token bus | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.5 | Token ring MAC layer | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.6 | MANs (DQDB) | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.7 | Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.8 | Fiber Optic TAG | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.9 | Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN or isoEthernet) | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.10 | Interoperable LAN Security | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.11 | Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) | active |
| IEEE 260 | Standard Letter | active |
| IEEE 488 | Standard Digital Interface | active |
| IEEE 260 | Standard of Glossary of Software | active |
| IEEE 260 | Standard of Glossary of Software | active |
| IEEE 802.12 | 100BaseVG | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.13 | Unused[2] | Reserved for Fast Ethernet development[3] |
| IEEE 802.14 | Cable modems | disbanded |
| IEEE 802.15 | Wireless PAN | active |
| IEEE 802.15.1 | Bluetooth certification | active |
| IEEE 802.15.2 | IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence | |
| IEEE 802.15.3 | High-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., UWB, etc.) | |
| IEEE 802.15.4 | Low-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) | |
| IEEE 802.15.5 | Mesh networking for WPAN | |
| IEEE 802.15.6 | Body area network | |
| IEEE 802.15.7 | Visible light communications | |
| IEEE 802.16 | Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification) | |
| IEEE 802.16.1 | Local Multipoint Distribution Service | |
| IEEE 802.16.2 | Coexistence wireless access | |
| IEEE 802.17 | Resilient packet ring | hibernating |
| IEEE 802.18 | Radio Regulatory TAG | |
| IEEE 802.19 | Coexistence TAG | |
| IEEE 802.20 | Mobile Broadband Wireless Access | hibernating |
| IEEE 802.21 | Media Independent Handoff | |
| IEEE 802.22 | Wireless Regional Area Network | |
| IEEE 802.23 | Emergency Services Working Group | |
| IEEE 802.24 | Smart Grid TAG | New (November, 2012) |
| IEEE 802.25 | Omni-Range Area Network |
RS232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data.RS-232 devices are still used, especially in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments.
RS422 (EIA RS-422-A Standard) is the serial connection historically used on Apple Macintosh computers.
Reference
En.wikipedia.org. (2017). IEEE 802. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802 [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017].
En.wikipedia.org. (2017). RS-232. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232 [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017].
Ni.com. (2017). RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 Serial Communication General Concepts - National Instruments. [online] Available at: http://www.ni.com/white-paper/11390/en/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017].
Monday, April 10, 2017
CN Topic 2: Protocols
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
is used to transfer files between computers on a network.
IP - Internet Protocol
is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application program can exchange data.
POP3 - Post Office Protocol 3
is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission.
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
is an Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection.
is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
is used to transfer files between computers on a network.
IP - Internet Protocol
is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application program can exchange data.
POP3 - Post Office Protocol 3
is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission.
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
is an Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection.
CN Topic 1 Lecture 4
5 main issue must be addressed when designing computer network.
Addressing, Destination of the messages must be specified.
Multiplexing, Same connections commonly used.
Routing, Sender and receiver contains several paths.
Flow control, Sender sent faster than receiver can receive.
Error control, The communication failed.
Explained why network modeled as a stack of layers.
So that the process it taken steps by steps process to preventing errors
Describe the role of an interface when modeling a network as a stack layers.
Interface helps network by providing guidelines
Explained the role played by a session in a network connection.
Network Administrator
State 7 layers of the OSI Reference Model in the correct order and briefly state the purpose of each layer.
-Layer 1: Physical
Addressing, Destination of the messages must be specified.
Multiplexing, Same connections commonly used.
Routing, Sender and receiver contains several paths.
Flow control, Sender sent faster than receiver can receive.
Error control, The communication failed.
Explained why network modeled as a stack of layers.
So that the process it taken steps by steps process to preventing errors
Describe the role of an interface when modeling a network as a stack layers.
Interface helps network by providing guidelines
Explained the role played by a session in a network connection.
Network Administrator
State 7 layers of the OSI Reference Model in the correct order and briefly state the purpose of each layer.
-Layer 1: Physical
Layer 1, conveys the bit stream (electrical impulse, light or radio signal) through the network at the electrical and mechanical level.
Protocols: Wi-Fi, Telephone network modems
-Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 2, sets up links across the physical network, putting packets into network frames.
Protocols: Ethernet, Virtual Local Area Network(VLAN), Media Access Control(MAC)
-Layer 3: Network
Layer 3, provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
Protocols: Internet Protocol version 4(IPV4), Internet Protocol version 6(IPV6)
-Layer 4: Transport
Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Protocols: Border Gateway Protocol(BGP), Fibre Channel Protocol(FCP)
-Layer 5: Session
layer 5 establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations
Protocols: Zone Information Protocol(ZIP), Network File System(NFS)
-Layer 6:Presentation
layer 6, provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa.
Protocols: Transport Layer Security(TLS), Apple Filing Protocol(AFP)
-Layer 7: Application
Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes.
Protocols: Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)
Protocols: Wi-Fi, Telephone network modems
-Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 2, sets up links across the physical network, putting packets into network frames.
Protocols: Ethernet, Virtual Local Area Network(VLAN), Media Access Control(MAC)
-Layer 3: Network
Layer 3, provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
Protocols: Internet Protocol version 4(IPV4), Internet Protocol version 6(IPV6)
-Layer 4: Transport
Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Protocols: Border Gateway Protocol(BGP), Fibre Channel Protocol(FCP)
-Layer 5: Session
layer 5 establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations
Protocols: Zone Information Protocol(ZIP), Network File System(NFS)
-Layer 6:Presentation
layer 6, provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa.
Protocols: Transport Layer Security(TLS), Apple Filing Protocol(AFP)
-Layer 7: Application
Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes.
Protocols: Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)
Sunday, April 9, 2017
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network.
There are 7 layers of OSI Model:
-Layer 1: Physical
Layer 1 conveys the bit stream (electrical impulse, light or radio signal) through the network at the electrical and mechanical level.
Protocols: Wi-Fi, Telephone network modems
-Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 2 sets up links across the physical network, putting packets into network frames.
Protocols: Ethernet, Virtual Local Area Network(VLAN), Media Access Control(MAC)
-Layer 3: Network
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
Protocols: Internet Protocol version 4(IPV4), Internet Protocol version 6(IPV6)
-Layer 4: Transport
Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Protocols: Border Gateway Protocol(BGP), Fibre Channel Protocol(FCP)
-Layer 5: Session
layer 5 establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations
Protocols: Zone Information Protocol(ZIP), Network File System(NFS)
-Layer 6:Presentation
layer 6 provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa.
Protocols: Transport Layer Security(TLS), Apple Filing Protocol(AFP)
-Layer 7: Application
Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes.
Protocols: Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)
There are 7 layers of OSI Model:
-Layer 1: Physical
Layer 1 conveys the bit stream (electrical impulse, light or radio signal) through the network at the electrical and mechanical level.
Protocols: Wi-Fi, Telephone network modems
-Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 2 sets up links across the physical network, putting packets into network frames.
Protocols: Ethernet, Virtual Local Area Network(VLAN), Media Access Control(MAC)
-Layer 3: Network
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
Protocols: Internet Protocol version 4(IPV4), Internet Protocol version 6(IPV6)
-Layer 4: Transport
Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Protocols: Border Gateway Protocol(BGP), Fibre Channel Protocol(FCP)
-Layer 5: Session
layer 5 establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations
Protocols: Zone Information Protocol(ZIP), Network File System(NFS)
-Layer 6:Presentation
layer 6 provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa.
Protocols: Transport Layer Security(TLS), Apple Filing Protocol(AFP)
-Layer 7: Application
Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes.
Protocols: Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)
Tuesday, April 4, 2017
Gaming Addictions:
Video game addictions is hypothesized to be an excessive or compulsive use of computer games or video games, which interferes with a person's everyday life.
Advantages:
Improve coordination between the hand and eyes.
Improve decision-making in players and help them think quickly.
Enhance creativity and instill a taste for technology, graphics and design.
Improvement in their math and language skills, particularly for more challenging games.
They also learn cognitive, motivation and problem-solving skills.
Gaming may also help kids with ADD build their social skills.
Many medical departments encourage patients to play video games for physiotherapy benefits.
Disadvantages:
Personal Physical health can seriously impacted from poor video games habits
Gamer become lazy and neglect necessary activities
Video games can negatively affect the mental health of gamer
Spending many hours in front screen and not enough social interaction can also cause social problems
A new research has proved that excessive playing of video games can actually stunt the growth of a human brain
Standard Organizations (Responsible for telecommunication):
These organizations responsible for developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise producing technical Standards.
International Telecommunication communion (Responsible for telecommunication):
These organizations formulates recommendations for standardizing telecommunications operations worldwide.
Video game addictions is hypothesized to be an excessive or compulsive use of computer games or video games, which interferes with a person's everyday life.
Advantages:
Improve coordination between the hand and eyes.
Improve decision-making in players and help them think quickly.
Enhance creativity and instill a taste for technology, graphics and design.
Improvement in their math and language skills, particularly for more challenging games.
They also learn cognitive, motivation and problem-solving skills.
Gaming may also help kids with ADD build their social skills.
Many medical departments encourage patients to play video games for physiotherapy benefits.
Disadvantages:
Personal Physical health can seriously impacted from poor video games habits
Gamer become lazy and neglect necessary activities
Video games can negatively affect the mental health of gamer
Spending many hours in front screen and not enough social interaction can also cause social problems
A new research has proved that excessive playing of video games can actually stunt the growth of a human brain
Standard Organizations (Responsible for telecommunication):
These organizations responsible for developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise producing technical Standards.
International Telecommunication communion (Responsible for telecommunication):
These organizations formulates recommendations for standardizing telecommunications operations worldwide.
Monday, April 3, 2017
a)list all items in the network
PC, Smart Phone, Printer, Scanner, Printer, Scanner, Monitor, Fax, CCTV
b)list all communications between items in the network
Cable, Wlan, Router,
c)list the external networks that the laboratory connects to
Wifi, Lifi, Network, Satellite, GPS, Ethernet
d)compare your list with the other groups
e)Discuss the issues raised by networking these different devices and external devices
Due to limited connections the device might not be able to access to the internet normally
Internet connections is also affected on the range. More further the internet more slower the connections
If many people gain access to the same internet connection this would cause the internet to function slower than the usual
PC, Smart Phone, Printer, Scanner, Printer, Scanner, Monitor, Fax, CCTV
b)list all communications between items in the network
Cable, Wlan, Router,
c)list the external networks that the laboratory connects to
Wifi, Lifi, Network, Satellite, GPS, Ethernet
d)compare your list with the other groups
e)Discuss the issues raised by networking these different devices and external devices
Due to limited connections the device might not be able to access to the internet normally
Internet connections is also affected on the range. More further the internet more slower the connections
If many people gain access to the same internet connection this would cause the internet to function slower than the usual
My Favorite Website review for "Anime News Network":
https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/
This site has been my favorite website since i started watching Anime because it provide the latest information with hot topics and top trending in Japan. This website considered as "The internet Most Trusted Anime News Source" which attracts more people intrested in the website.
https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/
This site has been my favorite website since i started watching Anime because it provide the latest information with hot topics and top trending in Japan. This website considered as "The internet Most Trusted Anime News Source" which attracts more people intrested in the website.
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